ASME STS-1-2006 pdf free download.Steel Stacks.
Mechanical design includes sizing of the gas passage, both in diameter and height; and the drop in gas temperature as heat is transferred through the stack wall. Methods for calculating draft, draft losses, and heat losses arc given. Differential expansion of stack components is discussed. l)esign considerations for stack appurtenances are established.
1.2 General
The purpose of a stack is to vent process exhaust gases to the atmosphere. The mechanical design of stacks is now controlled in part by air pollution rules and regulations. Heights and diameters are set by a balance between structural stability and function, while at the same time meeting the requirements for air pollution control dispersion of the gases to the atmosphere. The heights of steel stacks have increased to satisfy ambient air quality, and stack inlet gas temperatures have decreased as more heat energy is recovered. The importance of attention to stack heat losses has therefore increased. Stack minimum metal temperature should be held above the acid dew point of the vented gases, if possible. Stacks are being designed with many appurtenances to monitor the gases and make stack inspections.
1.3 Size Selection (Height, Diameter, and Shape)
1.3.1 Height. Stack height may be set by one or more factors.
(a) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations may set thc required stack height for downwash due to local terrain or adjacent structures, or to disperse pollutants at a minimum height above the site. Refer proposed stack location and purposes to the proper EPA authorities for the minimum height requirement under controlling air pollution control regulations. See Federal register part!! EPA 4OCFR, part 51,Stack Height Regulation (July 8, 1985).
(b) The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets minimum height of high.tempcrature slacks above building roofs and structures for fire protection and human safety. Local codes are often more stringent and must be followed. A minimum of 8 ft of height above a roof sLirface or roof mounted structure within 25 ft of a stack emitting gases above 200°F (93°C) should be maintained.
(c) The draft requirement of the process to be vented may establish stack height. Formulas to calculate available draft are presented in subsequent paragraphs.
(d) The effective height of a stack considering plume rise may be increased by installing a nozzle or truncated
cone at the top to increase the exit velocity of the gases. Several plume rise formulas are available hut in actual
practice, plume rise can be essentially negated by high wind velocities, low temperatures, and site conditions.
1.3.2 Diameters. The stack diameter may be set by one or more factors.
(a) Gas passage diameter is usually established by the volume of process gas flowing and available draft (natural draft minus draft losses). Velocities in a round stack between 2400 and 3600 ft/mm are most common. Stacks venting saturated gases sometimes limit maximum stack velocities between 18(X) and 24(X) ft/mm to
reduce entrained or condensed moisture from leaving the stack exit. Tests by EPRI give different ranges for each type of inner surface (see El’Rl Wet Stack Design Guide TR-107099-1996).
(b) Stack shell diameters may be controlled by trailsportatlon shipping limitations. Caution should be taken to ensure that mechanical performance and structural
F stability are maintained.
(c) Structural stability may control a stack shell diameter selection and therefore, any size selection based on mechanical criteria must be maintained as tentative until a structural analysis can confirm its acceptability.
(d) Future increases in stack gas volume should be considered as well as future changes in process gas temperatures and gas quality in the diameter selection.
(e) EPA regulations may set stack exit diameter because of plume rise considerations. EPA requirements have sometimes set stack diameters in the test zone to provide optimum velocities for testing.